  
  [1X2 [33X[0;0YInterface to the [10Xncurses[110X[101X[1X Library[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  this  chapter  we  describe  the [5XGAP[105X interface to the [5XGNU[105X [10Xcurses[110X/[10Xncurses[110X
  [10XC[110X-library.  This  library  contains  routines  to manipulate the contents of
  terminal  windows.  It  allows  one to write programs which should work on a
  wide variety of terminal emulations with different sets of capabilities.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  technical  chapter  is  intended  for  readers who want to program new
  applications  using the [10Xncurses[110X functionality. If you are only interested in
  the  function [2XNCurses.BrowseGeneric[102X ([14X4.3-1[114X) from this package or some of its
  applications you can skip this chapter.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YDetailed  documentation of the [10Xncurses[110X library is probably available in your
  operating system (try [10Xman ncurses[110X) and from the web (see for example [NCu]).
  Here,  we  only give short reminders about the functions provided in the [5XGAP[105X
  interface and explain how to use the [5XGAP[105X functions.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1 [33X[0;0YThe [10Xncurses[110X[101X[1X Library[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  this  section we list the functions from the GNU [10Xncurses[110X library and its
  [10Xpanel[110X  extension which are made available in [5XGAP[105X via the [5XBrowse[105X package. See
  the  following  section [14X2.2[114X for explanations how to use these functions from
  within [5XGAP[105X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  basic  objects  to  manipulate  are  called [13Xwindows[113X, they correspond to
  rectangular  regions of the terminal screen. Windows can overlap but [10Xncurses[110X
  cannot  handle  this  for  the  display. Therefore windows can be wrapped in
  [13Xpanels[113X,  they provide a display depth for windows and it is possible to move
  panels to the top and bottom of the display or to hide a panel.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWe  will  not  import  all  the functions of the [10Xncurses[110X library to [5XGAP[105X. For
  example,  there  are many pairs of functions with the same name except for a
  leading  [10Xw[110X (like [10Xmove[110X and [10Xwmove[110X for moving the cursor in a window). Here, we
  only  import  the versions with [10Xw[110X, which get a window as first argument. The
  functions  without [10Xw[110X are for the [10Xncurses[110X standard screen window [10Xstdscr[110X which
  is  available  as  window  [10X0[110X in [5XGAP[105X. Similarly, there are functions with the
  same  name  except  for  an extra [10Xn[110X (like [10Xwaddstr[110X and [10Xwaddnstr[110X for placing a
  string into a window). Here, we only import the safer functions with [10Xn[110X which
  get  the  number  of  characters  to  write  as  argument.  (More convenient
  functions are then implemented on the [5XGAP[105X level.)[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-1 [33X[0;0YSetting the terminal[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YWe  first  list  flags  for  setting  the basic behavior of a terminal. With
  [10Xsavetty[110X/[10Xresetty[110X a setting can be stored and recovered.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xsavetty()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis stores the current setting of the terminal in a buffer.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xresetty()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  resets  the  terminal  to  what  was  stored in the last call to
        [10Xsavetty[110X.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xcbreak()/nocbreak()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YIn  [10Xcbreak[110X  mode  each  input  character  from  a terminal is directly
        forwarded to the application (but see [10Xkeypad[110X). With [10Xnocbreak[110X this only
        happens after a newline or return is typed.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xkeypad(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  set  to [9Xtrue[109X some special input like arrow or function keys can be
        read  as single characters from the input (such keys actually generate
        certain sequences of characters), see also [14X2.1-4[114X. (The [3Xwin[103X argument is
        irrelevant.)[133X
  
  [8X [10Xecho()[110X[8X/[10Xnoecho()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  determines  if  input characters are automatically echoed by the
        terminal at the current cursor position.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xcurs_set(vis)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis determines the visibility of the cursor. The argument [3Xvis[103X=0 makes
        the  cursor  invisible.  With [3Xvis[103X=1 it becomes visible; some terminals
        allow also higher levels of visibility.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwtimeout(win, delay)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YHere [3Xdelay[103X determines a timeout in milliseconds for reading characters
        from  the  input of a window. Negative values mean infinity, that is a
        blocking read.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xnl()[110X[8X/[10Xnonl()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YWith  [10Xnl[110X  a return on input is translated to a newline character and a
        newline on output is interpreted as return and linefeed.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xintrflush(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  flag  determines  if  after  an  interrupt pending output to the
        terminal is flushed. (The [3Xwin[103X argument is irrelevant.)[133X
  
  [8X[10Xidlok(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YWith  [9Xtrue[109X  the  library  tries  to  use  a  hardware  line  insertion
        functionality (in particular for scrolling).[133X
  
  [8X[10Xscrollok(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  set  to [9Xtrue[109X moving the cursor down from the last line of a window
        causes scrolling of the whole window, otherwise nothing happens.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xleaveok(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  set  to  [9Xtrue[109X  a  refresh  of  the window leaves the cursor at its
        current location, otherwise this is not guaranteed.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xclearok(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  set  to  [9Xtrue[109X the next refresh of the window will clear the screen
        completely and redraw everything.[133X
  
  [8X[10Ximmedok(win, bool)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  set to [9Xtrue[109X all changes of the window will automatically also call
        a [10Xwrefresh[110X.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xraw()[110X[8X/[10Xnoraw()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YSimilar  to  [10Xcbreak[110X, usually not needed (see the [10Xncurses[110X documentation
        for details).[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-2 [33X[0;0YManipulating windows[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  [10Xncurses[110X  an  arbitrary number of windows which correspond to rectangular
  regions  (maybe overlapping) of the screen can be handled. You should always
  delete  windows  which  are  no  longer  needed.  To get a proper display of
  overlapping  windows  (which may occur by recursively called functions using
  this library) we suggest that you always wrap windows in panels, see [14X2.1-3[114X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor functions which involve coordinates recall that the upper left corner of
  the screen or internally of any window has the coordinates (0,0).[133X
  
  [8X[10Xnewwin(nlines, ncols, y, x)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  creates a new window whose upper left corner has the coordinates
        ([3Xy[103X,[3Xx[103X) on the screen and has [3Xnlines[103X lines and [3Xncols[103X columns, if this is
        possible.  The  arguments  [3Xnlines[103X  and  [3Xncols[103X  can be zero, then their
        maximal possible values are assumed.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xdelwin(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDeletes a window.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xmvwin(win, y, x)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YMoves the upper left corner of the window to the given coordinates, if
        the  window  still  fits  on  the  screen.  With panels don't use this
        function, but use [10Xmove_panel[110X mentioned below.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwrefresh(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YWriting  to a window only changes some internal buffers, this function
        copies the window content to the actual display screen. You don't need
        this  function  if  you wrap your windows in panels, use [10Xupdate_panels[110X
        and [10Xdoupdate[110X instead.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xdoupdate()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YUse  this function to update the content of your display screen to the
        current  content of all windows. If your terminal is not yet in visual
        mode this function changes to visual mode.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xendwin()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YUse  this function to leave the visual mode of your terminal. (Remark:
        If  you  use this function while not in visual mode the cursor will be
        moved  to  the  line  where  the visual mode was started last time. To
        avoid this use [10Xisendwin[110X first.)[133X
  
  [8X[10Xisendwin()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YReturns [9Xtrue[109X if called while not in visual mode and [9Xfalse[109X otherwise[133X
  
  [8X[10Xgetbegyx(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YGet  the  coordinates  of  the  upper  left  corner of a window on the
        screen.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xgetmaxyx(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YGet the number of lines and columns of a window.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-3 [33X[0;0YManipulating panels[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YWrap  windows  in  panels to get a proper handling of overlapping windows on
  the   display.   Don't   forget  to  delete  a  panel  before  deleting  the
  corresponding window.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xnew_panel(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YCreate a panel for a window.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xdel_panel(pan)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDelete a panel.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xupdate_panels()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YUse  this  function  to copy changes of windows and panels to a screen
        buffer. Then call [10Xdoupdate()[110X to update the display screen.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xmove_panel(pan, y, x)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YMove top left corner of a panel wrapped window to coordinates ([3Xy[103X,[3Xx[103X) if
        possible.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xhide_panel(pan)[110X[8X/[10Xshow_panel(pan)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YHide  or  show,  respectively,  the  content of a panel on the display
        screen.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xtop_panel(pan)[110X[8X/[10Xbottom_panel(pan)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YMove a panel to the top or bottom of all panels, respectively.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xpanel_below(pan)[110X[8X/[10Xpanel_above(pan)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YReturn  the panel directly below or above the given one, respectively.
        With argument [10X0[110X the top or bottom panel are returned, respectively. If
        argument  is  the  bottom  or  top  panel, respectively, then [9Xfalse[109X is
        returned.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-4 [33X[0;0YGetting keyboard input[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  you  want to read input from the user first adjust the terminal settings
  of [10Xcbreak[110X, [10Xkeypad[110X, [10Xecho[110X, [10Xwtimeout[110X and [10Xcurs_set[110X to your needs, see [14X2.1-1[114X. The
  basic functions are as follows.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwgetch(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YReads one character from user input (returned as integer). If [10Xwtimeout[110X
        was set with a positive [3Xdelay[103X then the function returns [9Xfalse[109X if there
        was  no input for [3Xdelay[103X milliseconds. Note that in [10Xnocbreak[110X mode typed
        characters  reach  the  application only after typing a return. If the
        [10Xkeypad[110X  flag  is set to [9Xtrue[109X some special keys can be read like single
        characters; the keys are explained below. (Note that there is only one
        input queue for all windows.)[133X
  
  [8X[10Xungetch(char)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YPuts back the character [3Xchar[103X on the input queue.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSome  terminals allow one to read special keys like one character, we import
  some  of  the  symbolic  names of such keys into [5XGAP[105X. You can check for such
  characters  by  comparing  with  the  components of the record [10XNCurses.keys[110X,
  these are[133X
  
  [8X[10XUP[110X[8X/[10XDOWN[110X[8X/[10XLEFT[110X[8X/[10XRIGHT[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe arrow keys[133X
  
  [8X[10XPPAGE[110X[8X/[10XNPAGE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe page up and page down keys[133X
  
  [8X[10XHOME[110X[8X/[10XEND[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe home and end keys[133X
  
  [8X[10XBACKSPACE[110X[8X/[10XDC[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe backspace and delete keys[133X
  
  [8X[10XIC[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe insert key[133X
  
  [8X[10XENTER[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe enter key[133X
  
  [8X[10XF1[110X[8X/[10XF2[110X[8X/../[10XF24[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe function keys[133X
  
  [8X[10XMOUSE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ya pseudo key to detect mouse events[133X
  
  [8X[10XA1[110X[8X/[10XA3[110X[8X/[10XB2[110X[8X/[10XC1[110X[8X/[10XC3[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ythe keys around the arrow keys on a num pad[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt can happen that on a specific keyboard there is no key for some of these.
  Also,  not all terminals can interpret all of these keys. You can check this
  with the function[133X
  
  [8X[10Xhas_key(key)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YChecks if the special key [3Xkey[103X is recognized by the terminal.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-5 [33X[0;0YWriting to windows[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  display of text in [10Xncurses[110X windows has two aspects. The first is to get
  actual  characters  on the screen. The second is to specify attributes which
  influence  the  display,  for  example  normal or bold fonts or colors. This
  subsection  is for the first aspect. Possible attributes are explained below
  in [14X2.1-7[114X.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwmove(win, y, x)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YMoves  the  cursor  to position ([3Xy[103X,[3Xx[103X), recall that the coordinates are
        zero based, (0,0) being the top left corner.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwaddnstr(win, str, len)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YWrites  the  string [3Xstr[103X to the window starting from the current cursor
        position.  Writes  at  most  [3Xlen[103X characters. At end of line the cursor
        moves  to  the  beginning of next line. The behavior at the end of the
        window depends on the setting of [10Xscrollok[110X, see [14X2.1-1[114X.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwaddch(win, char)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YWrites  a  character  to the window at the current cursor position and
        moves  the  cursor  on. The character [3Xchar[103X is given as integer and can
        include attribute information.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwborder(win, charlist)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDraws a border around the window. If [3Xcharlist[103X is a plain list of eight
        [5XGAP[105X  characters  these  are  taken for left/right/top/bottom sides and
        top-left/top-right/bottom-left/bottom-right corners. Otherwise default
        characters  are  used.  (See  [2XNCurses.WBorder[102X  ([14X2.2-9[114X) for a more user
        friendly interface.)[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwvline(win, char, len)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YWrites  a  vertical line of length [3Xlen[103X (or as long as fitting into the
        window) starting from the current cursor position to the bottom, using
        the character [3Xchar[103X. If [3Xchar[103X=[10X0[110X the default character is used.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwhline(win, char, len)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YSame  as  [10Xwvline[110X  but  for  horizontal  lines starting from the cursor
        position to the right.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwerase(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDeletes all characters in the window.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwclear(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YLike [10Xwerase[110X, but also calls [10Xclearok[110X.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwclrtobot(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDeletes all characters from cursor position to the right and bottom.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwclrtoeol(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDeletes all characters from cursor position to end of line.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwinch(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YReturns  the  character  at  current  cursor  position, as integer and
        including color and attribute information.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xgetyx(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YReturns the current cursor position.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwaddstr(win, str)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YDelegates to [10Xwaddnstr(win, str, Length(str))[110X.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-6 [33X[0;0YLine drawing characters[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  drawing  lines  and  grids  in  a  terminal  window you should use some
  "virtual"  characters  which  are  available  as  components  of  the record
  [10XNCurses.lineDraw[110X.  On  some  terminals  these are nicely displayed as proper
  lines (on others they are simulated by ASCII characters). These are:[133X
  
  [8X[10XBLOCK[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ysolid block[133X
  
  [8X[10XBOARD[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yboard of squares[133X
  
  [8X[10XBTEE/LTEE/RTEE/TTEE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ybottom/left/right/top tee[133X
  
  [8X[10XBULLET[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ybullet[133X
  
  [8X[10XCKBOARD[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ychecker board[133X
  
  [8X[10XDARROW/LARROW/RARROW/UARROW[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydown/left/right/up arrow[133X
  
  [8X[10XDEGREE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydegree symbol[133X
  
  [8X[10XDIAMOND[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydiamond[133X
  
  [8X[10XGEQUAL[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ygreater than or equal[133X
  
  [8X[10XHLINE/VLINE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yhorizontal/vertical line[133X
  
  [8X[10XLANTERN[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ylantern symbol[133X
  
  [8X[10XLEQUAL[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yless than or equal[133X
  
  [8X[10XLLCORNER/LRCORNER/ULCORNER/URCORNER[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ylower left/lower right/upper left/upper right corner[133X
  
  [8X[10XNEQUAL[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ynot equal[133X
  
  [8X[10XPI[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yletter pi[133X
  
  [8X[10XPLMINUS[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yplus-minus[133X
  
  [8X[10XPLUS[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ycrossing lines like a plus[133X
  
  [8X[10XS1/S3/S7/S9[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yscan line 1/3/7/9[133X
  
  [8X[10XSTERLING[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ypound sterling[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-7 [33X[0;0YText attributes and colors[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  addition  to  the  actual characters to be written to the screen the way
  they are displayed can be changed by additional [13Xattributes[113X. (There should be
  no  danger  to  mix  up  this  notion  of attributes with the one introduced
  in [14X'Reference:  Attributes'[114X.)  The  available  attributes  are stored in the
  record [10XNCurses.attrs[110X, they are[133X
  
  [8X[10XNORMAL[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ynormal display with no extra attributes.[133X
  
  [8X[10XSTANDOUT[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydisplays text in the best highlighting mode of the terminal.[133X
  
  [8X[10XUNDERLINE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Yunderlines the text.[133X
  
  [8X[10XREVERSE[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydisplay  in  reverse video by exchanging the foreground and background
        color.[133X
  
  [8X[10XBLINK[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydisplays the text blinking.[133X
  
  [8X[10XDIM[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydisplays the text half bright.[133X
  
  [8X[10XBOLD[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6Ydisplays the text in a bold font.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  not  all  of these work with all types of terminals, or some may
  cause  the  same  display.  Furthermore, if [10XNCurses.attrs.has_colors[110X is [9Xtrue[109X
  there is a list [10XNCurses.attrs.ColorPairs[110X of attributes to set the foreground
  and   background   color.   These   should   be   accessed  indirectly  with
  [2XNCurses.ColorAttr[102X ([14X2.2-1[114X). Attributes can be combined by adding their values
  (internally,  they  are  represented by integers). They can also be added to
  the integer representing a character for use with [10Xwaddch[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe library functions for setting attributes are:[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwattrset(win, attr)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  sets  the  default  (combined)  attributes for a window which is
        added  to  all characters written to it; using [10XNCurses.attrs.NORMAL[110X as
        attribute is a reset.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xwattron(win, attr)[110X[8X/[10Xwattroff(win, attr)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  sets  or  unsets  one  or  some default attributes of the window
        without changing the others.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwattr_get(win)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis returns the current default attribute and default color pair of a
        window.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwbkgdset(win, attr)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  is  similar to [10Xwattrset[110X but you can also add a character to [3Xattr[103X
        which is used as default instead of blanks.[133X
  
  [8X[10Xwbkgd(win, attr)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  function changes the attributes for all characters in the window
        to [3Xattr[103X, also used for further characters written to that window.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-8 [33X[0;0YLow level [10Xncurses[110X[101X[1X mouse support[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YMany  [10Xxterm[110X  based  terminals support mouse events. The recognition of mouse
  events by the [10Xncurses[110X input queue can be switched on and off. If switched on
  and a mouse event occurs, then [10XNCurses.wgetch[110X gets [10XNCurses.keys.MOUSE[110X if the
  [10Xkeypad[110X   flag   is  [9Xtrue[109X  (see  [14X2.1-4[114X).  If  this  is  read  one  must  call
  [10XNCurses.getmouse[110X  which  reads  further  characters from the input queue and
  interprets  them  as  details on the mouse event. In most cases the function
  [2XNCurses.GetMouseEvent[102X  ([14X2.2-10[114X)  can  be  used  in  applications  (it  calls
  [10XNCurses.getmouse[110X).  The  following  low  level  functions  are  available as
  components of the record [10XNCurses[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  names  of  mouse  events  which  may be possible are stored in the list
  [10XNCurses.mouseEvents[110X,  which  starts [10X[[110X [10X"BUTTON1_PRESSED",[110X [10X"BUTTON1_RELEASED",[110X
  [10X"BUTTON1_CLICKED",[110X  [10X"BUTTON1_DOUBLE_CLICKED",[110X  [10X"BUTTON1_TRIPLE_CLICKED",[110X [10X...[110X
  and contains the same for buttons number 2 to 5 and a few other events.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xmousemask(intlist)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThe argument [3Xintlist[103X is a list of integers specifying mouse events. An
        entry  [10Xi[110X refers to the event described in [10XNCurses.mouseEvents[i+1][110X. It
        returns  a  record  with components [10X.new[110X (for the current setting) and
        [10X.old[110X (for the previous setting) which are again lists of integers with
        the  same meaning. Note that [10X.new[110X may be different from [3Xintlist[103X, it is
        always  the  empty list if the terminal does not support mouse events.
        In  applications  use  [2XNCurses.UseMouse[102X  ([14X2.2-10[114X)  instead of this low
        level function.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xgetmouse()[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  function must be called after a key [10XNCurses.keys.MOUSE[110X was read.
        It returns a list with three entries [10X[y, x, intlist][110X where [10Xy[110X and [10Xx[110X are
        the  coordinates  of  the character cell where the mouse event occured
        and  [10Xintlist[110X describes the event, it should have length one and refers
        to a position in [10XNCurses.mouseEvents[110X.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xwenclose(win, y, x)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YThis  functions  returns  [9Xtrue[109X  if  the screen position [3Xy[103X, [3Xx[103X is within
        window [3Xwin[103X and [9Xfalse[109X otherwise.[133X
  
  [8X [10Xmouseinterval(t)[110X[8X[108X
        [33X[0;6YSets  the time to recognize a press and release of a mouse button as a
        click  to [3Xt[103X milliseconds. (Note that this may have no effect because a
        window manager may catch this.)[133X
  
  
  [1X2.1-9 [33X[0;0YMiscellaneous function[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YWe  also  provide  the [10Xncurses[110X function [10Xmnap(msec)[110X which is a sleep for [3Xmsec[103X
  milliseconds.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFurthermore,  there  a  two  utilities  which  can be useful for scripts and
  testing,  namely  a check if standard input or standard output are connected
  to   terminals.   These   can   be   called   as   [10XNCurses.IsStdinATty()[110X  or
  [10XNCurses.IsStdoutATty()[110X, respectively.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.2 [33X[0;0YThe [10Xncurses[110X[101X[1X [5XGAP[105X[101X[1X functions[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  functions  of the [10Xncurses[110X library are used within [5XGAP[105X very similarly to
  their  [10XC[110X  equivalents. The functions are available as components of a record
  [10XNCurses[110X with the name of the [10XC[110X function (e.g., [10XNCurses.newwin[110X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  [5XGAP[105X  the  [10Xncurses[110X  windows  are  accessed  via  integers (as returned by
  [10XNCurses.newwin[110X).  The  standard  screen  [10Xstdscr[110X  from the [10Xncurses[110X library is
  available  as  window  number  [10X0[110X.  But  this  should  not  be used; to allow
  recursive  applications  of [10Xncurses[110X always create a new window, wrap it in a
  panel and delete both when they are no longer needed.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YEach  window  can  be  wrapped  in  one  panel which is accessed by the same
  integer. (Window [10X0[110X cannot be used with a panel.)[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YCoordinates  in  windows  are  the  same  zero  based  integers  as  in  the
  corresponding   [10XC[110X   functions.  The  interface  of  functions  which  [13Xreturn[113X
  coordinates is slightly different from the [10XC[110X version; they just return lists
  of   integers   and   you   just   give   the   window  as  argument,  e.g.,
  [10XNCurses.getmaxyx(win)[110X returns a list [10X[nrows, ncols][110X of two integers.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YCharacters  to  be written to a window can be given either as [5XGAP[105X characters
  like  [10X'a'[110X  or  as  integers  like [10XINT_CHAR('a') = 97[110X. If you use the integer
  version  you  can also add attributes including color settings to it for use
  with [10XNCurses.waddch[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen writing an application decide about an appropriate terminal setting for
  your visual mode windows, see [14X2.1-1[114X and the utility function [2XNCurses.SetTerm[102X
  ([14X2.2-2[114X)  below.  Use  [10XNCurses.savetty()[110X  and  [10XNCurses.resetty()[110X  to save and
  restore the previous setting.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWe  also  provide  some  higher level functionality for displaying marked up
  text, see [2XNCurses.PutLine[102X ([14X2.2-6[114X) and [2XNCurses.IsAttributeLine[102X ([14X2.2-3[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWe  now  describe  some  utility  functions  for  putting text on a terminal
  window.[133X
  
  [1X2.2-1 NCurses.ColorAttr[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.ColorAttr[102X( [3Xfgcolor[103X, [3Xbgcolor[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Yan attribute for setting the foreground and background color to be
            used on a terminal window (it is a [5XGAP[105X integer).[133X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.attrs.has_colors[102X [32X global variable[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe return value can be used like any other attribute as described in [14X2.1-7[114X.
  The arguments [3Xfgcolor[103X and [3Xbgcolor[103X can be given as strings, allowed are those
  in  [10X[  "black", "red", "green", "yellow", "blue", "magenta", "cyan", "white"
  ][110X.  These  are  the  default  foreground  colors  0  to 7 on ANSI terminals.
  Alternatively, the numbers 0 to 7 can be used directly as arguments.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that terminals can be configured in a way such that these named colors
  are not the colors which are actually displayed.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  variable  [2XNCurses.attrs.has_colors[102X  is  set  to  [9Xtrue[109X  or  [9Xfalse[109X if the
  terminal  supports  colors  or  not,  respectively.  If  a terminal does not
  support colors then [2XNCurses.ColorAttr[102X always returns [10XNCurses.attrs.NORMAL[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  an  attribute  setting the foreground color with the default background
  color of the terminal use [10X-1[110X as [3Xbgcolor[103X or the same as [3Xfgcolor[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xwin := NCurses.newwin(0,0,0,0);; pan := NCurses.new_panel(win);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xdefc := NCurses.defaultColors;;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.wmove(win, 0, 0);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xfor a in defc do for b in defc do[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.wattrset(win, NCurses.ColorAttr(a, b));[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.waddstr(win, Concatenation(a,"/",b,"\t"));[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X   od; od;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xif NCurses.IsStdoutATty() then[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.update_panels();; NCurses.doupdate();;[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.napms(5000);;     # show for 5 seconds[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.endwin();; NCurses.del_panel(pan);; NCurses.delwin(win);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X   fi;[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X2.2-2 NCurses.SetTerm[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.SetTerm[102X( [[3Xrecord[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  provides a unified interface to the various terminal setting
  functions of [10Xncurses[110X listed in [14X2.1-1[114X. The optional argument is a record with
  components  which  are assigned to [9Xtrue[109X or [9Xfalse[109X. Recognised components are:
  [10Xcbreak[110X,  [10Xecho[110X,  [10Xnl[110X,  [10Xintrflush[110X,  [10Xleaveok[110X,  [10Xscrollok[110X,  [10Xkeypad[110X,  [10Xraw[110X (with the
  obvious meaning if set to [9Xtrue[109X or [9Xfalse[109X, respectively).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  default, if no argument is given, is [10Xrec(cbreak := true, echo := false,
  nl  := false, intrflush := false, leaveok := true, scrollok := false, keypad
  :=  true)[110X.  (This is a useful setting for many applications.) If there is an
  argument  [3Xrecord[103X,  then  the  given  components  overwrite the corresponding
  defaults.[133X
  
  [1X2.2-3 NCurses.IsAttributeLine[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.IsAttributeLine[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Y[9Xtrue[109X if the argument describes a string with attributes.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YAn  [13Xattribute  line[113X describes a string with attributes. It is represented by
  either  a  string  or  a  dense  list  of  strings,  integers,  and Booleans
  immediately  following integers, where at least one list entry must [13Xnot[113X be a
  string.  (The  reason  is  that we want to be able to distinguish between an
  attribute  line and a list of such lines, and that the case of plain strings
  is  perhaps  the  most  usual  one, so we do not want to force wrapping each
  string  in  a  list.)  The integers denote attribute values such as color or
  font  information,  the  Booleans  denote  that  the  attribute given by the
  preceding integer is set or reset.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  an integer is not followed by a Boolean then it is used as the attribute
  for  the  following  characters,  that  is  it overwrites all previously set
  attributes. Note that in some applications the variant with explicit Boolean
  values  is preferable, because such a line can nicely be highlighted just by
  prepending a [10XNCurses.attrs.STANDOUT[110X attribute.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor an overview of attributes, see [14X2.1-7[114X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.IsAttributeLine( "abc" );[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.IsAttributeLine( [ "abc", "def" ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.IsAttributeLine( [ NCurses.attrs.UNDERLINE, true, "abc" ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.IsAttributeLine( "" );  NCurses.IsAttributeLine( [] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  [13Xempty  string[113X is an attribute line whereas the [13Xempty list[113X (which is not
  in [2XIsStringRep[102X ([14XReference: IsStringRep[114X)) is [13Xnot[113X an attribute line.[133X
  
  [1X2.2-4 NCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines[102X( [3Xlines[103X[, [3Xkeep[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Yan attribute line.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  a  list [3Xlines[103X of attribute lines (see [2XNCurses.IsAttributeLine[102X ([14X2.2-3[114X)),
  [10XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines[110X  returns  the attribute line obtained by
  concatenating the attribute lines in [3Xlines[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  optional  argument  [3Xkeep[103X is [9Xtrue[109X then attributes set in an entry of
  [3Xlines[103X  are  valid  also  for  the  following entries of [3Xlines[103X. Otherwise (in
  particular  if  there  is  no  second  argument) the attributes are reset to
  [10XNCurses.attrs.NORMAL[110X between the entries of [3Xlines[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xplain_str:= "hello";;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xwith_attr:= [ NCurses.attrs.BOLD, "bold" ];;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines( [ plain_str, plain_str ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X"hellohello"[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines( [ plain_str, with_attr ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ "hello", 2097152, "bold" ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines( [ with_attr, plain_str ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2097152, "bold", 0, "hello" ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines( [ with_attr, with_attr ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2097152, "bold", 0, 2097152, "bold" ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.ConcatenationAttributeLines( [ with_attr, with_attr ], true );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2097152, "bold", 2097152, "bold" ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X2.2-5 NCurses.RepeatedAttributeLine[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.RepeatedAttributeLine[102X( [3Xline[103X, [3Xwidth[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Yan attribute line.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  an  attribute  line  [3Xline[103X  (see  [2XNCurses.IsAttributeLine[102X ([14X2.2-3[114X)) and a
  positive  integer  [3Xwidth[103X, [10XNCurses.RepeatedAttributeLine[110X returns an attribute
  line   with   [3Xwidth[103X   displayed  characters  (see [2XNCurses.WidthAttributeLine[102X
  ([14X2.2-7[114X))  that is obtained by concatenating sufficiently many copies of [3Xline[103X
  and cutting off a tail if applicable.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.RepeatedAttributeLine( "12345", 23 );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X"12345123451234512345123"[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.RepeatedAttributeLine( [ NCurses.attrs.BOLD, "12345" ], 13 );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2097152, "12345", 0, 2097152, "12345", 0, 2097152, "123" ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X2.2-6 NCurses.PutLine[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.PutLine[102X( [3Xwin[103X, [3Xy[103X, [3Xx[103X, [3Xlines[103X[, [3Xskip[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Y[9Xtrue[109X if [3Xlines[103X were written, otherwise [9Xfalse[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe   argument   [3Xlines[103X   can   be   a   list   of   attribute   lines   (see
  [2XNCurses.IsAttributeLine[102X  ([14X2.2-3[114X))  or a single attribute line. This function
  writes the attribute lines to window [3Xwin[103X at and below of position [3Xy[103X, [3Xx[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  argument  [3Xskip[103X  is given, it must be a nonnegative integer. In that
  case  the  first  [3Xskip[103X  characters of each given line are not written to the
  window (but the attributes are).[133X
  
  [1X2.2-7 NCurses.WidthAttributeLine[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.WidthAttributeLine[102X( [3Xline[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Ynumber of displayed characters in an attribute line.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  an  attribute  line  [3Xline[103X  (see  [2XNCurses.IsAttributeLine[102X  ([14X2.2-3[114X)), the
  function returns the number of displayed characters of [3Xline[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.WidthAttributeLine( "abcde" );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X5[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNCurses.WidthAttributeLine( [ NCurses.attrs.BOLD, "abc",[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       NCurses.attrs.NORMAL, "de" ] );[127X[104X
    [4X[28X5[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X2.2-8 NCurses.Grid[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.Grid[102X( [3Xwin[103X, [3Xtrow[103X, [3Xbrow[103X, [3Xlcol[103X, [3Xrcol[103X, [3Xrowinds[103X, [3Xcolinds[103X ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  draws  a grid of horizontal and vertical lines on the window
  [3Xwin[103X,  using  the  line  drawing  characters  explained  in  [14X2.1-6[114X. The given
  arguments  specify  the  top  and bottom row of the grid, its left and right
  column, and lists of row and column numbers where lines should be drawn.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xfun := function() local win, pan;[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     win := NCurses.newwin(0,0,0,0);[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     pan := NCurses.new_panel(win);[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.Grid(win, 2, 11, 5, 22, [5, 6], [13, 14]);[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.PutLine(win, 12, 0, "Press <Enter> to quit");[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.update_panels(); NCurses.doupdate();[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.wgetch(win);[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.endwin();[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X     NCurses.del_panel(pan); NCurses.delwin(win);[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27Xend;;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xfun();[127X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X2.2-9 NCurses.WBorder[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.WBorder[102X( [3Xwin[103X[, [3Xchars[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  is  a convenient interface to the [10Xncurses[110X function [10Xwborder[110X. It draws a
  border  around  the  window  [3Xwin[103X. If no second argument is given the default
  line drawing characters are used, see [14X2.1-6[114X. Otherwise, [3Xchars[103X must be a list
  of   [5XGAP[105X   characters  or  integers  specifying  characters,  possibly  with
  attributes.  If  [3Xchars[103X  has  length  8  the  characters  are  used  for  the
  left/right/top/bottom  sides and top-left/top-right/bottom-left/bottom-right
  corners.  If [3Xchars[103X contains 2 characters the first is used for the sides and
  the  second for all corners. If [3Xchars[103X contains just one character it is used
  for all sides including the corners.[133X
  
  
  [1X2.2-10 [33X[0;0YMouse support in [10Xncurses[110X[101X[1X applications[133X[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.UseMouse[102X( [3Xon[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Ya record[133X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.GetMouseEvent[102X(  ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Ya list of records[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10Xncurses[110X  allows on some terminals ([10Xxterm[110X and related) to catch mouse events.
  In  principle  a subset of events can be caught, see [10Xmousemask[110X in [14X2.1-8[114X. But
  this  does  not  seem  to  work  well with proper subsets of possible events
  (probably   due  to  intermediate  processes  X,  window  manager,  terminal
  application,  ...).  Therefore  we  suggest  to catch either all or no mouse
  events in applications.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  can  be done with [2XNCurses.UseMouse[102X with argument [9Xtrue[109X to switch on the
  recognition of mouse events and [9Xfalse[109X to switch it off. The function returns
  a record with components [10X.new[110X and [10X.old[110X which are both set to the status [9Xtrue[109X
  or  [9Xfalse[109X from after and before the call, respectively. (There does not seem
  to   be   a   possibility   to   get  the  current  status  without  calling
  [2XNCurses.UseMouse[102X.)  If you call the function with argument [9Xtrue[109X and the [10X.new[110X
  component  of  the result is [9Xfalse[109X, then the terminal does not support mouse
  events.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen the recognition of mouse events is switched on and a mouse event occurs
  then  the  key [10XNCurses.keys.MOUSE[110X is found in the input queue, see [10Xwgetch[110X in
  [14X2.1-4[114X.  If  this key is read the low level function [10XNCurses.getmouse[110X must be
  called  to  fetch  further details about the event from the input queue, see
  [14X2.1-8[114X.   In   many   cases   this  can  be  done  by  calling  the  function
  [2XNCurses.GetMouseEvent[102X  which  also  generates  additional  information.  The
  return  value  is a list of records, one for each panel over which the event
  occured,  these  panels  sorted  from top to bottom (so, often you will just
  need  the first entry if there is any). Each of these records has components
  [10X.win[110X,  the  corresponding  window  of  the  panel,  [10X.y[110X  and [10X.x[110X, the relative
  coordinates  in  window  [10X.win[110X  where the event occured, and [10X.event[110X, which is
  bound  to  one  of  the  strings  in [10XNCurses.mouseEvents[110X which describes the
  event.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XSuggestion:[113X  Always  make the use of the mouse optional in your application.
  Allow  the  user  to switch mouse usage on and off while your application is
  running.  Some users may not like to give mouse control to your application,
  for  example  the  standard cut and paste functionality cannot be used while
  mouse events are caught.[133X
  
  [1X2.2-11 NCurses.SaveWin[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.SaveWin[102X( [3Xwin[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.StringsSaveWin[102X( [3Xcont[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.RestoreWin[102X( [3Xwin[103X, [3Xcont[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNCurses.ShowSaveWin[102X( [3Xcont[103X ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Ya [5XGAP[105X object describing the contents of a window.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThese  functions  can  be  used  to save and restore the contents of [10Xncurses[110X
  windows.  [2XNCurses.SaveWin[102X  returns  a  list [10X[nrows, ncols, chars][110X giving the
  number  of  rows,  number  of columns, and a list of integers describing the
  content  of  window  [3Xwin[103X.  The  integers in the latter contain the displayed
  characters plus the attributes for the display.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  function  [2XNCurses.StringsSaveWin[102X  translates  data  [3Xcont[103X in form of the
  output  of [2XNCurses.SaveWin[102X to a list of [10Xnrows[110X strings giving the text of the
  rows  of  the  saved  window,  and ignoring the attributes. You can view the
  result with [2XNCurses.Pager[102X ([14X3.1-4[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  argument  [3Xcont[103X for [2XNCurses.RestoreWin[102X must be of the same format as the
  output  of [2XNCurses.SaveWin[102X. The content of the saved window is copied to the
  window [3Xwin[103X, starting from the top-left corner as much as it fits.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  utility  [2XNCurses.ShowSaveWin[102X  can  be  used  to  display  the output of
  [2XNCurses.SaveWin[102X (as much of the top-left corner as fits on the screen).[133X
  
